Nucleic Acids Research, 2001, Vol. 29, No. 9 e45
© 2001 Oxford University Press
A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT–PCR
Institute of Physiology, FML-Weihenstephan, Center of Life and Food Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Germany
Received December 18, 2000; Revised February 21, 2001; Accepted March 14, 2001.
 |
ABSTRACT |
|---|
 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
Use of the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify cDNA products reverse transcribed from mRNA is on the way to becoming a routine tool in molecular biology to study low abundance gene expression. Real-time PCR is easy to perform, provides the necessary accuracy and produces reliable as well as rapid quantification results. But accurate quantification of nucleic acids requires a reproducible methodology and an adequate mathematical model for data analysis. This study enters into the particular topics of the relative quantification in real-time RT–PCR of a target gene transcript in comparison to a reference gene transcript. Therefore, a new mathematical model is presented. The relative expression ratio is calculated only from the real-time PCR efficiencies and the crossing point deviation of an unknown sample versus a control. This model needs no calibration curve. Control levels were included in the model to standardise each reaction run with respect to RNA integrity, sample loading and inter-PCR variations. High accuracy and reproducibility (<2.5% variation) were reached in LightCycler PCR using the established mathematical model.
|
INTRODUCTION |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
Reverse transcription (RT) followed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the technique of choice to analyse mRNA expression derived from various sources. Real-time RT–PCR is highly sensitive and allows quantification of rare transcripts and small changes in gene expression. As well as this, it is easy to perform, provides the necessary accuracy and produces reliable as well as rapid quantification results. The simplest detection technique for newly synthesised PCR products in real-time PCR uses SYBR Green I fluorescence dye that binds specifically to the minor groove double-stranded DNA (1). The quantification method of choice depends on the target sequence, the expected range of mRNA amount present in the tissue, the degree of accuracy required and whether quantification needs to be relative or absolute (2). Generally two quantification types in real-time RT-PCR are possible. (i) A relative quantification based on the relative expression of a target gene versus a reference gene. To investigate the physiological changes in gene expression, the relative expression ratio is adequate for the most purposes. (ii) An absolute quantification, based either on an internal or an external calibration curve (1,3). Using such a calibration curve, the methodology has to be highly validated and the identical LightCycler PCR amplification efficiencies for standard material and target cDNA must be confirmed (4–6). Nevertheless, the generation of stable and reliable standard material, either recombinant DNA or recombinant RNA, is very time consuming and it must be precisely quantified (2,7,8). Furthermore, a normalisation of the target gene with an endogenous standard is recommended. Therefore, mainly non-regulated reference genes or housekeeping genes like glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH or GAPDH), albumin, actins, tubulins, cyclophilin, 18S rRNA or 28S rRNA (9) were applicable. Housekeeping genes are present in all nucleated cell types since they are necessary for basis cell survival. The mRNA synthesis of these genes is considered to be stable and secure in various tissues, even under experimental treatments (9–11). But numerous studies have already shown that the housekeeping genes are regulated and vary under experimental conditions (12–15). To circumvent the high expenditure of design and production of standard material, as well as optimisation and validation of a calibration curve based quantification model, and finally the need for normalisation of the target transcripts to an endogenous housekeeping transcript, a reliable and accurate relative quantification model in real-time RT–PCR is needed.
This study enters into the particular topics of the relative quantification of a target gene in comparison to a reference gene. A new and simple mathematical model for data analysis was established, the application of the new model was tested and compared with available mathematical calculation models. Derived reproducibility, based on intra- and inter-test variation of this relative quantification and accuracy of the model will be discussed.
|
MATERIALS AND METHODS |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
RNA source, total RNA extraction and RT
RNA extraction was performed as described previously (16) in bacterial Escherichia coli culture grown either in M9 minimal media (sample preparation) or LB rich media (control preparation), both with 0.4% glucose concentration (17). RNA integrity was electrophoretically verified by ethidium bromide staining and by OD260/OD280 nm absorption ratio >1.95. Escherichia coli total RNA (1 µg) was reverse transcribed with 100 U of Superscript II Plus RNase H– Reverse Trancriptase (Gibco BRL Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, MD) using 100 µM random hexamer primers (Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Optimisation of RT–PCR
Highly purified salt-free primer for target gene1 (TyrA, tryptophan operon: forward primer, AAG CGT CTG GAA CTG GTT GC; reverse primer, AAA CGC TGT GCG TAA TCG CC), target gene 2 (PyrB, aspartate transcarbamylase: forward primer, GCT CCA ACC AAC ATC CGA; reverse primer, TTC ACG TTG GCG TAC TCG G) and reference gene (Gst, glutathione transferase: forward primer, CTT TGC CGT TAA CCC TAA GGG; reverse primer, GCT GCA ATG TGC TCT AAC CC) were generated (MWG Biotech, Ebersberg, Germany) and optimised to an equal annealing temperature of 60°C. Conditions for all PCRs were optimised in a gradient cycler (Mastercycler Gradient, Eppendorf, Germany) with regard to Taq DNA polymerase (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland), forward and reverse primers, MgCl2 concentrations (Roche Diagnostics), dNTP concentrations (Roche Diagnostics) and various annealing temperatures (55–65°C). RT–PCR amplification products were separated on a 4% high resolution NuSieve agarose (FMC Bio Products, Rockland, ME) gel electrophoresis and analysed with the Image Master system (Pharmacia Biotech). Optimised results were transferred on the following LightCycler PCR protocol.
LightCycler real-time PCR
For LightCycler reaction a mastermix of the following reaction components was prepared to the indicated end-concentration: 13 µl water, 2.4 µl MgCl2 (4 mM), 0.8 µl forward primer (0.4 µM), 0.8 µl reverse primer (0.4 µM) and 2.0 µl LightCyler (Fast Start DNA Master SYBR Green I; Roche Diagnostics). LightCycler mastermix (19 µl) was filled in the LightCycler glass capillaries and 1 µl cDNA (3.2, 4.0, 4.8, 16, 20 or 24 ng reverse transcribed total RNA) was added as PCR template. Capillaries were closed, centrifuged and placed into the LightCycler rotor. The following LightCycler experimental run protocol was used: denaturation program (95°C for 10 min), amplification and quantification program repeated 40 times (95°C for 15 s, 60°C for 10 s, 72°C for 60 s with a single fluorescence measurement), melting curve program (60–95°C with a heating rate of 0.1°C per second and a continuous fluorescence measurement) and finally a cooling step to 40°C. For the mathematical model it is necessary to determine the crossing points (CP) for each transcript. CP is defined as the point at which the fluorescence rises appreciably above the background fluorescence. ‘Fit Point Method’ must be performed in the LightCycler software 3.3 (Roche Diagnostics), at which CP will be measured at constant fluorescence level (18).
|
RESULTS |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
Confirmation of primer specificity
Specificity of RT–PCR products was documented with high resolution gel electrophoresis and resulted in a single product with the desired length (TyrA, 978 bp; PyrB, 530 bp; and Gst, 402 bp). In addition a LightCycler melting curve analysis was performed which resulted in single product specific melting temperatures as follows: TyrA, 89.6°C; PyrB, 88.5°C; and Gst, 88.3°C. No primer-dimers were generated during the applied 40 real-time PCR amplification cycles.
Real-time PCR amplification efficiencies and linearity
Real-time PCR efficiencies were calculated from the given slopes in LightCycler software. The corresponding real-time PCR efficiency (E) of one cycle in the exponential phase was calculated according to the equation: E = 10[–1/slope] (Fig. 1) (18). Investigated transcripts showed high real-time PCR efficiency rates; for TyrA, 2.09; PyrB, 2.16; and Gst, 1.99 in the investigated range from 0.40 to 50 ng cDNA input (n = 3) with high linearity (Pearson correlation coefficient r > 0.95).
|
Intra- and inter-assay variation
To confirm accuracy and reproducibility of real-time PCR the intra-assay precision was determined in three repeats within one LightCycler run. Inter-assay variation was investigated in three different experimental runs performed on 3 days using three different premix cups of LightCycler, Fast Start DNA Master SYBR Green I kit (Roche Diagnostics). Determination of variation was done in 20 ng transcribed total RNA (Table 1). Test reproducibility for all investigated transcripts was low in inter-test experiments (<3.91%) and even lower in intra-test experiments (<2.16%). The calculation of test precision and test variability is based on the CP variation from the CP mean value.
|
Mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time PCR
A new mathematical model was presented to determine the relative quantification of a target gene in comparison to a reference gene. The relative expression ratio (R) of a target gene is calculated based on E and the CP deviation of an unknown sample versus a control, and expressed in comparison to a reference gene.
1
Equation 1 shows a mathematical model of relative expression ratio in real-time PCR. The ratio of a target gene is expressed in a sample versus a control in comparison to a reference gene. Etarget is the real-time PCR efficiency of target gene transcript; Eref is the real-time PCR efficiency of a reference gene transcript; 
CPtarget is the CP deviation of control – sample of the target gene transcript; CPref = CP deviation of control – sample of reference gene transcript. The reference gene could be a stable and secure unregulated transcript, e.g. a house- keeping gene transcript. For the calculation of R, the individual real-time PCR efficiencies and the CD deviation (CP) of the investigated transcripts must be known. Real-time PCR efficiencies were calculated, according to E = 10[–1/slope] (18), as shown in Figure 1. CP deviations of control cDNA minus sample of the target gene and reference genes were calculated according to the derived CP values. Mean CP, variation of CP and CP values between control and sample of investigated transcripts are listed in Table 2. The influence of differing cDNA input concentrations on CP are also shown. Intended cDNA input concentration variation of control and sample were compared at different levels (low level, 3.2, 4.0, 4.8 ng cDNA; high level, 16, 20 and 24 ng cDNA). They resulted in stable and constant CP cycle numbers. In Table 3 the corresponding ratios of target genes in comparison to the reference gene were calculated, through to the established mathematical model (equation 1). The expression ratios of target genes remain stable, even under intended ±20% cDNA variation and low and high cDNA input levels, performed in two runs. A minimal coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.50 and 1.74% was observed, respectively.
|
|
Regulation of investigated gene transcripts
All investigated transcript expressions were regulated divergently (Table 3). The expression of Gst was constant, independent of media conditions, and therefore was chosen as endogenous standard or reference gene transcript Fig. 2. TyrA mRNA expression, measured in 20 ng cDNA, was up-regulated 49.1-fold (2.095.283) in M9 minimal compared to LB rich medium under high cDNA input conditions. Under the consideration of the reference gene expression the real up-regulation ratio was, on average, 58.5-fold. PyrB mRNA expression was down-regulated under M9 minimal medium conditions by a factor of 27.6 (2.164.311). With the normalisation of the endogenous standard transcript, the exact relative expression ratio can be calculated to 23.2.
|
|
DISCUSSION |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
RT followed by PCR is the most powerful tool to amplify small amounts of mRNA (19). Because of its high ramping rates, limited annealing and elongation time, the rapid cycle PCR in the LightCycler system offers stringent reaction conditions to all PCR components and leads to a primer sensitive and template specific PCR (20). The application of fluorescence techniques to real-time PCR combines the PCR amplification, product detection and quantification of newly synthesised DNA, as well as verification in the melting curve analysis. This led to the development of new kinetic RT–PCR methodologies that are revolutionising the possibilities of mRNA quantification (21).
In this paper, we focused on the relative quantification of target gene transcripts in comparison to a reference gene transcript. A new mathematical model for data analysis was presented to calculate the relative expression ratio on the basis of the PCR efficiency and crossing point deviation of the investigated transcripts (equation 1). The concept of threshold fluorescence is the basis of an accurate and reproducible quantification using fluorescence-based RT–PCR methods (22). Threshold fluorescence is defined as the point at which the fluorescence rises appreciably above the background fluorescence. In the Fit Point Method, the threshold fluorescence and therefore the DNA amount in the capillaries is identical for all samples. CP determination with the ‘Second Derivative Maximum Method’ is not adequate for our mathematical model, because quantification is done at the point of most efficient real-time PCR where the second derivative is at its maximum (18).
A linear relationship between the CP, crossing the threshold fluorescence, and the log of the start molecules input in the reaction is given (18,23). Therefore, quantification will always occur during the exponential phase, and it will not be affected by any reaction components becoming limited in the plateau phase (7). In the established model the relative expression ratio of a target gene is normalised with the expression of an endogenous desirable unregulated reference gene transcript to compensate inter-PCR variations between the runs. The CP of the chosen reference gene is the same in the control and the sample (CP = 0). Stable and constant reference gene mRNA levels are given. Under these considerations of an unregulated reference gene transcript, no normalisation is needed and equation 1 can be shortened to equation 2.
2
Equation 2 shows a mathematical model of relative expression ratio in real-time PCR under constant reference gene expression. CP values in the sample and control are equal and represent ideal housekeeping conditions (CPref = 0, Eref = 1).
Two other mathematical models are available for the relative quantification during real-time PCR. The ‘efficiency calibrated mathematical method for the relative expression ratio in real-time PCR’ is presented by Roche Diagnostics in a truncated form in an internal publication (24). The complete equation is, in principle, the same and the results are in identical relative expression ratio like our model (equation 3).
3
Efficiency calibrated mathematical method for the relative expression ratio in real-time PCR presented by Soong et al. (24). But the method of calculation in the described mathematical model is hard to understand. The second model available, the ‘Delta–delta method’ for comparing relative expression results between treatments in real-time PCR (equation 4) is presented by PE Applied Biosystems (Perkin Elmer, Forster City, CA).
4
Equation 4 shows a mathematical delta–delta method for comparing relative expression results between treatments in real-time PCR developed by PE Applied Biosystems (Perkin Elmer). Optimal and identical real-time amplification efficiencies of target and reference gene of E = 2 are presumed. The delta–delta method is only applicable for a quick estimation of the relative expression ratio. For such a quick estimation, equation 1 can be shortened and transferred into equation 4, under the condition that Etarget = Eref = 2. Our presented formula combines both models in order to better understand the mode of CP data analysis and for a more reliable and exact relative gene expression.
Relative quantification is always based on a reference transcript. Normalisation of the target gene with an endogenous standard was done via the reference gene expression, to compensate inter-PCR variations. Beside this further control levels were included in the mathematical model to standardise each reaction run with respect to RNA integrity, RT efficiency or cDNA sample loading variations. The reproducibility of the RT step varies greatly between tissues, the applied RT isolation methodology (25) and the RT enzymes used (26). Different cDNA input concentrations were tested on low and high cDNA input ranges, to mimic different RT efficiencies (±20%) at different quantification levels. In the applied two-step RT–PCR, using random hexamer primers, all possible interferences during RT will influence all target transcripts as well as the internal reference transcript in parallel. Occurring background interferences retrieved from extracted tissue components, like enzyme inhibitors, and cDNA synthesis efficiency were related to target and reference similarly. All products underwent identical reaction conditions during RT and variations only disappear during real-time PCR. Any source of error during RT will be compensated through the model itself. Widely distributed single-step RT–PCR models are not applicable, because in each reaction set-up and for each investigated factor individual and slightly different RT conditions will occur. Therefore, the variation in a two-step RT–PCR will always be lower, and the reproducibility of the assay will be higher, that in a single-step RT–PCR (8). Reproducibility of the developed mathematical model was dependent on the exact determination of real-time amplification efficiencies and on the given low LightCycler CP variability. In our mathematical model the necessary reliability and reproducibility was given, which was confirmed by high accuracy and a relative error of <2.5% using low and high template concentration input.
|
CONCLUSION |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
LightCycler real-time PCR using SYBR Green I fluorescence dye is a rapid and sensitive method to detect low amounts of mRNA molecules and therefore offers important physiological insights on mRNA expression level. The established mathematical model is presented in order to better understand the mode of analysis in relative quantification in real-time RT–PCR. It is only dependent on
CP and amplification efficiency of the transcripts. No additional artificial nucleic acids, like recombinant nucleic acid constructs in external calibration curve models, are needed. Reproducibility of LightCycler RT–PCR in general and the minimal error rate of the model allows for an accurate determination of the relative expression ratio. Even different cDNA input resulted in minor variations. Relative expression is adequate for the most relevant physiological expression changes. In future it is not necessary to establish more complex and time consuming quantification models based on calibration curves. For the differential display of mRNA the relative expression ratio is an ideal and simple tool for the verification of RNA or DNA array chip technology results. |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
|---|
The author thanks D.Schmidt for technical assistance. Primers, primer sequences and samples were kindly donated by Drs S.Wegener and W.Mann in collaboration with the BioChip division of MWG Biotech in Ebersberg, Germany.
|
FOOTNOTES |
|---|
* To whom correspondence should be addressed at present address: Institut für Physiologie, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Weihenstephan, Germany. Tel: +49 8161 71 3511; Fax: +49 8161 71 4204; Email: pfaffl{at}weihenstephan.de
|
REFERENCES |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONCONCLUSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
-
1 Morrison,T., Weis,J.J. and Wittwer,C.T. (1998) Quantification of low-copy transcripts by continuous SYBR Green I monitoring during amplification. Biotechniques, 24, 954–962.[ISI][Medline]
2 Freeman,W.M., Walker,S.J. and Vrana,K.E. (1999) Quantitative RT–PCR: pitfalls and potential. Biotechniques, 26, 112–122.[ISI][Medline]
3 Pfaffl,M.W. (2001) Development and validation of an externally standardised quantitative insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) RT–PCR using LightCycler SYBR® Green I technology. In Meuer,S., Wittwer,C. and Nakagawara,K. (eds), Rapid Cycle Real-time PCR, Methods and Applications. Springer Press, Heidelberg, Germany pp. 281–291.
4 Ferré,F. (1992) Quantitative or semi-quantitative PCR: reality versus myth. PCR Methods Appl., 2, 1–9.[Medline]
5 Souazé,F., Ntodou-Thomé,A., Tran,C.Y., Rostene,W. and Forgez,P. (1996) Quantitative RT–PCR: limits and accuracy. Biotechniques, 21, 280–285.[ISI][Medline]
6 Overbergh,L., Valckx,D., Waer,M. and Mathieu,C. (1999) Quantification of murine cytokine mRNAs using real time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. Cytokines, 11, 305–312.[ISI][Medline]
7 Bustin,S.A. (2000) Absolute quantification of mRNA using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. J. Mol. Endocrinol., 25, 169–193.[Abstract]
8 Pfaffl,M.W. and Hageleit,M. (2001) Validities of mRNA quantification using recombinant RNA and recombinant DNA external calibration curves in real-time RT–PCR. Biotechnol. Lett., 23, 275–282.
9 Marten,N.W., Burke,E.J., Hayden,J.M. and Straus,D.S. (1994) Effect of amino acid limitation on the expression of 19 genes in rat hepatoma cells. FASEB J., 8, 538–544.[Abstract]
10 Foss,D.L., Baarsch,M.J. and Murtaugh,M.P. (1998) Regulation of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and ß-actin mRNA expression in porcine immune cells and tissues. Anim. Biotechnol., 9, 67–78.[ISI][Medline]
11 Thellin,O., Zorzi,W., Lakaye,B., De Borman,B., Coumans,B., Hennen,G., Grisar,T., Igout,A. and Heinen,E. (1999) Housekeeping genes as internal standards: use and limits. J Biotechnol., 75, 291–295.[ISI][Medline]
12 Bhatia,P., Taylor,W.R., Greenberg,A.H. and Wright,J.A. (1994) Comparison of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and 28S-ribosomal RNA gene expression as RNA loading controls for northern blot analysis of cell lines of varying malignant potential. Anal. Biochem., 216, 223–226.[ISI][Medline]
13 Bereta,J. and Bereta,M. (1995) Stimulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA levels by endogenous nitric oxide in cytokine-activated endothelium. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 217, 363–369.[ISI][Medline]
14 Chang,T.J., Juan,C.C., Yin,P.H., Chi,C.W. and Tsay,H.J. (1998) Up-regulation of ß-actin, cyclophilin and GAPDH in N1S1 rat hepatoma. Oncol. Rep., 5, 469–471.[ISI][Medline]
15 Zhang,J. and Snyder,S.H. (1992) Nitric oxide stimulates auto-ADP-ribosylation of glyceraldehydes 3 phosphate dehydrogenase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 9382–9385.
16 Pfaffl,M.W., Meyer,H.H.D. and Sauerwein,H. (1998) Quantification of the insulin like growth factor-1 mRNA: development and validation of an internally standardised competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes, 106, 502–512.
17 Maniatis,T., Fritsch,E.F. and Sambrook,J. (1982) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
18 Rasmussen,R. (2001) Quantification on the LightCycler. In Meuer,S., Wittwer,C. and Nakagawara,K. (eds), Rapid Cycle Real-time PCR, Methods and Applications. Springer Press, Heidelberg, pp. 21–34.
19 Wang,A.M., Doyle,M.V. and Mark,D.F. (1989) Quantitation of mRNA by the polymerase chain reaction. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 9717–9721.
20 Wittwer,C.T., Ririe,K.M., Andrew,R.V., David,D.A., Gundry,R.A. and Balis,U.J. (1997) The LightCycler: a microvolume multisample fluorimeter with rapid temperature control. Biotechniques, 22, 176–181.[ISI][Medline]
21 Orlando,C., Pinzani,P. and Pazzagli,M. (1998) Developments in quantitative PCR. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 36, 255–269.[ISI][Medline]
22 Higuchi,R., Fockler,C., Dollinger,G. and Watson,R. (1993) Kinetic PCR analysis: real-time monitoring of DNA amplification reactions. Biotechnology, 11, 1026–1030.[Medline]
23 Gibson,U.E., Heid,C.A. and Williams,P.M. (1996) A novel method for real time quantitative RT–PCR. Genome Res., 6, 995–1001.
24 Soong,R., Ruschoff,J. and Tabiti,K. (2000) Detection of colorectal micrometastasis by quantitative RT–PCR of cytokeratin 20 mRNA. Roche Diagnostics internal publication.
25 Mannhalter,C., Koizar,D. and Mitterbauer,G. (2000) Evaluation of RNA isolation methods and reference genes for RT–PCR analyses of rare target RNA. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 38, 171–177.[ISI][Medline]
26 Wong,L., Pearson,H., Fletcher,A., Marquis,C.P. and Mahler,S. (1998) Comparison of the efficiency of M-MuLV reverse transcriptase, RNase H– M-MuLV reverse transcriptase and AMV reverse transcriptase for the amplification of human immunglobulin genes. Biotechnol. Techniques, 12, 485–489.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  P. J. Dufresne, E. Ubalijoro, M. G. Fortin, and J.-F. Laliberte Arabidopsis thaliana class II poly(A)-binding proteins are required for efficient multiplication of turnip mosaic virus J. Gen. Virol., September 1, 2008; 89(9): 2339 - 2348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. M. Cortes, J. Gibon, N. K. Chanteloup, M. Moulin-Schouleur, P. Gilot, and P. Germon Inactivation of ibeA and ibeT Results in Decreased Expression of Type 1 Fimbriae in Extraintestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strain BEN2908 Infect. Immun., September 1, 2008; 76(9): 4129 - 4136. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Embers, X. Alvarez, T. Ooms, and M. T. Philipp The Failure of Immune Response Evasion by Linear Plasmid 28-1-Deficient Borrelia burgdorferi Is Attributable to Persistent Expression of an Outer Surface Protein Infect. Immun., September 1, 2008; 76(9): 3984 - 3991. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Ozeki and J. E. Shively Differential cell fates induced by all-trans retinoic acid-treated HL-60 human leukemia cells J. Leukoc. Biol., September 1, 2008; 84(3): 769 - 779. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. F. Porter, S. Vavassori, and L. R. Covey A Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein-Dependent Pathway of mRNA Stability Initiates with CpG Activation of Primary B Cells J. Immunol., September 1, 2008; 181(5): 3336 - 3345. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Barakat, A. E O'Connor, E. Gold, D. M de Kretser, and K. L Loveland Inhibin, activin, follistatin and FSH serum levels and testicular production are highly modulated during the first spermatogenic wave in mice Reproduction, September 1, 2008; 136(3): 345 - 359. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Kreth, C. Ledderose, I. Kaufmann, G. Groeger, and M. Thiel Differential expression of 5'-UTR splice variants of the adenosine A2A receptor gene in human granulocytes: identification, characterization, and functional impact on activation FASEB J, September 1, 2008; 22(9): 3276 - 3286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L.-J. Armstrong, V. L. Heath, S. Sanderson, S. Kaur, J. F.J. Beesley, J. M.J. Herbert, J. A. Legg, R. Poulsom, and R. Bicknell ECSM2, An Endothelial Specific Filamin A Binding Protein That Mediates Chemotaxis Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 2008; 28(9): 1640 - 1646. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Levi, B. Levavi-Sivan, and E. Lubzens Expression of Genes Associated with Retinoid Metabolism in the Trout Ovarian Follicle Biol Reprod, September 1, 2008; 79(3): 570 - 577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Clotault, D. Peltier, R. Berruyer, M. Thomas, M. Briard, and E. Geoffriau Expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes during carrot root development J. Exp. Bot., August 29, 2008; (2008) ern210v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Mangino, S. Brouilette, P. Braund, N. Tirmizi, M. Vasa-Nicotera, J. R. Thompson, and N. J. Samani A regulatory SNP of the BICD1 gene contributes to telomere length variation in humans Hum. Mol. Genet., August 15, 2008; 17(16): 2518 - 2523. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Wohlbrand, H. Wilkes, T. Halder, and R. Rabus Anaerobic Degradation of p-Ethylphenol by "Aromatoleum aromaticum" Strain EbN1: Pathway, Regulation, and Involved Proteins J. Bacteriol., August 15, 2008; 190(16): 5699 - 5709. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. R. Urschel and K. M. O'Brien High mitochondrial densities in the hearts of Antarctic icefishes are maintained by an increase in mitochondrial size rather than mitochondrial biogenesis J. Exp. Biol., August 15, 2008; 211(16): 2638 - 2646. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. Vanhoose, S. Samaras, I. Artner, E. Henderson, Y. Hang, and R. Stein MafA and MafB Regulate Pdx1 Transcription through the Area II Control Region in Pancreatic {beta} Cells J. Biol. Chem., August 15, 2008; 283(33): 22612 - 22619. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Ruppert, T. Meyer, S. Pankuweit, E. Moller, R. C. Funck, W. Grimm, B. Maisch, and German Heart Failure Network Gene expression profiling from endomyocardial biopsy tissue allows distinction between subentities of dilated cardiomyopathy. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., August 1, 2008; 136(2): 360 - 369.e1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. N. Gravelat, T. Doedt, L. Y. Chiang, H. Liu, S. G. Filler, T. F. Patterson, and D. C. Sheppard In Vivo Analysis of Aspergillus fumigatus Developmental Gene Expression Determined by Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Infect. Immun., August 1, 2008; 76(8): 3632 - 3639. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Jung, C. Lehmann, A. Rubbert, M. Knispel, P. Hartmann, J. van Lunzen, H.-J. Stellbrink, G. Faetkenheuer, and D. Taubert Relevance of the Organic Cation Transporters 1 and 2 for Antiretroviral Drug Therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Drug Metab. Dispos., August 1, 2008; 36(8): 1616 - 1623. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. H Stolte, A. F de Mazon, K. M Leon-Koosterziel, M. Jesiak, N. R Bury, A. Sturm, H. F J Savelkoul, B M L. V. van Kemenade, and G. Flik Corticosteroid receptors involved in stress regulation in common carp, Cyprinus carpio J. Endocrinol., August 1, 2008; 198(2): 403 - 417. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. S. Marengo and D. A. Wassarman A DNA damage signal activates and derepresses exon inclusion in Drosophila TAF1 alternative splicing RNA, August 1, 2008; 14(8): 1681 - 1695. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. L. Hart, M. Henn, D. Kohler, D. Kloor, M. Mittelbronn, I. C. Gorzolla, G. L. Stahl, and H. K. Eltzschig Role of extracellular nucleotide phosphohydrolysis in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury FASEB J, August 1, 2008; 22(8): 2784 - 2797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A Bonnet, K A Le Cao, M SanCristobal, F Benne, C Robert-Granie, G Law-So, S Fabre, P Besse, E De Billy, H Quesnel, et al. In vivo gene expression in granulosa cells during pig terminal follicular development Reproduction, August 1, 2008; 136(2): 211 - 224. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. R. Bellone, S. A. Brooks, L. Sandmeyer, B. A. Murphy, G. Forsyth, S. Archer, E. Bailey, and B. Grahn Differential Gene Expression of TRPM1, the Potential Cause of Congenital Stationary Night Blindness and Coat Spotting Patterns (LP) in the Appaloosa Horse (Equus caballus) Genetics, August 1, 2008; 179(4): 1861 - 1870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Gordillo, H. Vega, A. H. Trainer, F. Hou, N. Sakai, R. Luque, H. Kayserili, S. Basaran, F. Skovby, R. C. M. Hennekam, et al. The molecular mechanism underlying Roberts syndrome involves loss of ESCO2 acetyltransferase activity Hum. Mol. Genet., July 15, 2008; 17(14): 2172 - 2180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Kanswal, N. Katsenelson, A. Selvapandiyan, R. J. Bram, and M. Akkoyunlu Deficient TACI Expression on B Lymphocytes of Newborn Mice Leads to Defective Ig Secretion in Response to BAFF or APRIL J. Immunol., July 15, 2008; 181(2): 976 - 990. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Chhin, J. T. Pham, L. El Zein, K. Kaiser, O. Merrot, and P. Bouvagnet Identification of transcripts overexpressed during airway epithelium differentiation Eur. Respir. J., July 1, 2008; 32(1): 121 - 128. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Garcia-Effron, S. K. Katiyar, S. Park, T. D. Edlind, and D. S. Perlin A Naturally Occurring Proline-to-Alanine Amino Acid Change in Fks1p in Candida parapsilosis, Candida orthopsilosis, and Candida metapsilosis Accounts for Reduced Echinocandin Susceptibility Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., July 1, 2008; 52(7): 2305 - 2312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Rinne, S. E. Clements, E. Lamme, P. H.G. Duijf, E. Bolat, R. Meijer, H. Scheffer, E. Rosser, T. Y. Tan, J. A. McGrath, et al. A novel translation re-initiation mechanism for the p63 gene revealed by amino-terminal truncating mutations in Rapp-Hodgkin/Hay-Wells-like syndromes Hum. Mol. Genet., July 1, 2008; 17(13): 1968 - 1977. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Abtin, L. Eckhart, M. Mildner, F. Gruber, J.-M. Schroder, and E. Tschachler Flagellin is the principal inducer of the antimicrobial peptide S100A7c (psoriasin) in human epidermal keratinocytes exposed to Escherichia coli FASEB J, July 1, 2008; 22(7): 2168 - 2176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. P. Vaughn, E. Lyon, and W. S. Samowitz Confirmation of Single Exon Deletions in MLH1 and MSH2 Using Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction J. Mol. Diagn., July 1, 2008; 10(4): 355 - 360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|